Evaluation of anxiety and depression symptoms among u-20 soccer athletes in recife-pe: a cross-sectional study / Evaluación de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en deportistas de fútbol de la categoría sub-20 en recife-pe: un estudio transversal / Avaliação de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20 em recife-pe: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Introduction Being a soccer player is one of the dreams most present in the popular imagination of Brazilian children. However, the path to professionalization is arduous and several reasons can be pointed out for this difficulty: a very competitive environment, few chances, and poor career counseling, among others. In competitive soccer, the athlete must be ready for all the demands that will be made, as well as accept the demand for the best possible performance. Furthermore, athletes from the youth system are still adolescents and youths in development, usually up to 21 years of age, who are often forced to choose soccer and its demands, at the expense of their studies and family lives, to become professional players. In this scenario, a still little-debated topic is mental health among soccer players. Objectives To verify the frequency of anxiety and depression symptoms among soccer players of the under-20 youth categories of Pernambuco clubs and to assess its association with sociodemographic, athletic, and health data. Methods The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied and socio-demographic, athletic, and health data were collected. A marginal descriptive analysis was conducted, as well as categorical and numerical assessments of anxiety- and depression-related variables. Finally, a linear regression study of the anxiety and depression scores was conducted. Results A statistically significant association was found between income received and an increase in anxiety symptoms. An increase in depressive symptoms as income decreased was also identified. Conclusion Further research with larger numbers of participants is needed, as well as with a greater variety of clubs, to better understand the relationship observed. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic study - Investigation of the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of their illness.

RESUMEN Introducción Ser jugador de fútbol es uno de los sueños más presentes en el imaginario popular de los niños brasileños. Sin embargo, el camino hacia la profesionalización es arduo y se pueden señalar varias razones para esta dificultad: un entorno muy competitivo, pocas oportunidades, asesoramiento insatisfactorio en la carrera, entre otras. En el fútbol de competición, el deportista debe estar preparado para todas las exigencias que se le planteen, así como para aceptar la demanda de un excelente desempeño . Junto a ello, los deportistas de la categoría de base son todavía adolescentes y jóvenes en formación, normalmente hasta los 21 años, que muchas veces se ven obligados a elegir el fútbol y sus exigencias, en detrimento del estudio y el entorno familiar, para convertirse en jugadores profesionales. En este escenario, un tema aún poco debatido es la salud mental entre los futbolistas. Objetivos Verificar la frecuencia de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión entre los futbolistas de las categorías sub-20 de los clubes de Pernambuco y evaluar su asociación con datos sociodemográficos, deportivos y de salud. Métodos Se aplicó la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HAD), y se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos, deportivos y de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo marginal, así como una evaluación categórica y numérica de las variables relacionadas con la ansiedad y la depresión. Por último, se realizó un estudio de regresión lineal para las puntuaciones de ansiedad y depresión. Resultados Hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los ingresos recibidos y el aumento de los síntomas de ansiedad. También se identificó un aumento de los síntomas de depresión con la disminución de la renta recibida. Conclusión Es necesario realizar más investigaciones, con un mayor número de participantes, así como una mayor variabilidad de clubes, para entender mejor la relación encontrada. Nivel de Evidencia: II; Estudio pronóstico - Investigación del efecto de una característica del paciente en el resultado de la enfermedad.

RESUMO Introdução Ser jogador de futebol é um dos sonhos mais presentes no imaginário popular da criança brasileira. Entretanto, o caminho para a profissionalização é árduo, e diversos motivos podem ser apontados para essa dificuldade: ambiente muito acirrado, poucas chances, aconselhamento insatisfatório na carreira, entre outros. No futebol competitivo, o atleta deve estar pronto para todas as cobranças que vierem a ser feitas, assim como aceitar a exigência da melhor performance possível. Aliado a isso, atletas da categoria de base ainda são adolescentes e jovens em formação, normalmente até os 21 anos, que são muitas vezes obrigados a escolher o futebol e suas exigências, em detrimento do estudo e do convívio familiar, para se tornarem jogadores profissionais. Nesse cenário, um motivo ainda pouco debatido é a saúde mental entre jogadores de futebol. Objetivos Verificar a frequência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão entre jogadores de futebol das categorias de base sub-20 dos clubes pernambucanos e avaliar sua associação a dados sociodemográficos, atléticos e de saúde. Métodos Aplicou-se a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD), assim como foram colhidos dados sociodemográficos, atléticos e de saúde. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva marginal, assim como avaliação categórica e numérica das variáveis relacionadas com ansiedade e depressão. Por fim, foi feito um estudo de regressão linear para os escores de ansiedade e depressão. Resultado Verificou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre renda recebida e aumento de sintomas de ansiedade. Também foi identificado aumento de sintomas de depressão com a diminuição da renda recebida. Conclusão Mostra-se necessário a realização de mais pesquisas, com um número maior de participantes, assim como maior variabilidade de clubes, para melhor entender a relação encontrada. Nível de Evidência: II; Estudo prognóstico - Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

The Antimicrobial Peptide MK58911-NH2 Acts on Planktonic, Biofilm, and Intramacrophage Cells of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cryptococcosis is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in AIDS patients. Its treatment is carried out by combining amphotericin B and azoles or flucytosine, which causes unavoidable toxicity issues in the host. Thus, the urgency in obtaining new antifungals drives the search for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This study aimed to extend the understanding of the mechanism of action of an AMP analog from wasp peptide toxins, MK58911-NH2, on Cryptococcus neoformans. We also evaluated if MK58911-NH2 can act on cryptococcal cells in macrophages, biofilms, and an immersion zebrafish model of infection. Finally, we investigated the structure-antifungal action and the toxicity relationship of MK58911-NH2 fragments and a derivative of this peptide (MH58911-NH2). The results demonstrated that MK58911-NH2 did not alter the fluorescence intensity of the cell wall-binding dye calcofluor white or the capsule-binding dye 18b7 antibody-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in C. neoformans but rather reduced the number and size of fungal cells. This activity reduced the fungal burden of C. neoformans in both macrophages and zebrafish embryos as well as within biofilms. Three fragments of the MK58911-NH2 peptide showed no activity against Cryptococcus and not toxicity in lung cells. The derivative peptide MH58911-NH2, in which the lysine residues of MK58911-NH2 were replaced by histidines, reduced the activity against extracellular and intracellular C. neoformans. On the other hand, it was active against biofilms and showed reduced toxicity. In summary, these results showed that peptide MK58911-NH2 could be a promising agent against cryptococcosis. This work also opens a perspective for the verification of the antifungal activity of other derivatives.

Dez competências para ensino-aprendizagem da consulta de enfermagem e integralidade em saúde: uma revisão integrativa / Ten competences for teaching-learning in nursing consultation and integrality of care: an integrative review

Objetivo: Identificar competências para o fortalecimento do ensino-aprendizagem da consulta de enfermagem considerando o cuidado integral. Método: Revisão integrativa de artigos publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol, nos últimos dez anos, nas bases: LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE e CINHAL, utilizando a seguinte questão norteadora: Quais competências permeiam o ensino-aprendizagem da consulta de enfermagem, considerando a integralidade do cuidado? Resultados: A busca resultou em 95 estudos, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados e analisados 10 artigos. Foram elencadas e discutidas as seguintes competências: comprometimento do educador na busca de conhecimento, aproximação teórico-prática, estímulo à reflexão, prioridade à prática, incentivo à pesquisa, apropriação da situação apresentada pelo usuário, ética e humanização, execução do ouvir, envolver o paciente no planejamento do cuidado e, apropriação da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem. Conclusões: Esta revisão integrativa elencou dez competências para o fortalecimento da consulta de enfermagem, enfatizando o processo de formação do enfermeiro para a prática do cuidado integral na atenção primária à saúde. Ressalta-se a necessidade de mais estudos voltados para a formação do enfermeiro nesta temática. (AU)

Objective: To identify competencies to strengthen the teaching of nursing consultation considering integral care. Method: Integrative review of articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish, in the last ten years, based on: LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE and CINHAL, using the following guiding question: Which competencies permeate the teaching-learning of nursing consultation, considering the integrality of care? Results: The search resulted in 95 studies, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria 10 articles were selected and analyzed. The following competences were listed and discussed: the educator's commitment in the search for knowledge, theoretical-practical approach, encouragement to reflection, priority to practice, incentive to research, appropriation of the situation presented by the user, ethics and humanization, execution of listening, involving the in planning care and appropriating the systematization of nursing care. Conclusions: This integrative review listed ten competencies for strengthening nursing consultation, emphasizing the process of training nurses to practice comprehensive care in primary health care. It is emphasized the need for more studies focused on the training of nurses in this theme. (AU)

Objetivo: identificar competencias para fortalecer la enseñanza de la consulta de enfermería considerando la atención integral. Método: Revisión integral de artículos publicados en portugués, inglés o español, en los últimos diez años, basados en: LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE y CINHAL, utilizando la siguiente pregunta orientadora: ¿Qué competencias impregnan el enseñanza-aprendizaje de la consulta de enfermería, considerando la integralidad de la atención? Resultados: La búsqueda resultó en 95 estudios, luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron y analizaron 10 artículos. Se enumeraron y discutieron las siguientes competencias: el compromiso del educador en la búsqueda de conocimiento, enfoque teórico-práctico, estímulo a la reflexión, prioridad a la práctica, incentivo a la investigación, apropiación de la situación presentada por el usuario, ética y humanización, ejecución de la escucha, involucrando el en la planificación de la atención y la apropiación de la sistematización de la atención de enfermería. Conclusiones: Esta revisión integradora enumeró diez competencias para fortalecer la consulta de enfermería, enfatizando el proceso de capacitación de enfermeras para practicar la atención integral en atención primaria de salud. Se enfatiza la necesidad de más estudios enfocados en la capacitación de enfermeras en este tema. (AU)

Antifungal Activity, Toxicity, and Membranolytic Action of a Mastoparan Analog Peptide.

Invasive fungal infections, such as cryptococcosis and paracoccidioidomycosis are associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, is distributed worldwide and has received much attention as a common complication in patients with HIV. Invasive fungal infections are usually treated with a combination of amphotericin B and azoles. In addition, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is applied in cryptococcosis, specifically to treat central nervous system infection. However, host toxicity, high cost, emerging number of resistant strains, and difficulty in developing new selective antifungals pose challenges. The need for new antifungals has therefore prompted a screen for inhibitory peptides, which have multiple mechanisms of action. The honeycomb moth Galleria mellonella has been widely used as a model system for evaluating efficacy of antifungal agents. In this study, a peptide analog from the mastoparan class of wasps (MK58911) was tested against Cryptococcus spp. and Paracoccidioides spp. In addition, peptide toxicity tests on lung fibroblasts (MRC5) and glioblastoma cells (U87) were performed. Subsequent tests related to drug interaction and mechanism of action were also performed, and efficacy and toxicity of the peptide were evaluated in vivo using the G. mellonella model. Our results reveal promising activity of the peptide, with an MIC in the range of 7.8-31.2 µg/mL, and low toxicity in MRC and U87 cells (IC50 > 500 µg/mL). Taken together, these results demonstrate that MK58911 is highly toxic in fungal cells, but not mammalian cells (SI > 16). The mechanism of toxicity involved disruption of the plasma membrane, leading to death of the fungus mainly by necrosis. In addition, no interaction with the drugs amphotericin B and fluconazole was found either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, the peptide showed no toxic effects on G. mellonella, and significantly enhanced survival rates of larvae infected with C. neoformans. Although not statistically significant, treatment of larvae with all doses of MK58911 showed a similar trend in decreasing the fungal burden of larvae. These effects were independent of any immunomodulatory activity. Overall, these results present a peptide with potential for use as a new antifungal drug to treat systemic mycoses.

Activity of gallic acid and its ester derivatives in Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish (Danio rerio) models.

AIM: Gallic acid and its ester derivatives have shown antifungal activity in vitro. This study was performed to investigate their activity against Candida albicans and their toxicity in the animal models Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish embryos. RESULTS: The compounds protected worms from C. albicans infection. The dodecyl gallate was the most effective. In zebrafish embryo, gallic acid and dodecyl gallate were the least toxic. CONCLUSION: Gallic acid and its ester derivatives have potential for in vivo use against C. albicans infection. The antifungal effects and toxicity of gallate esters in these alternative animal models were dependent on carbon chain length.

Activity of 3'-hydroxychalcone against Cryptococcus gattii and toxicity, and efficacy in alternative animal models.

AIM: This work aimed to evaluate the activity of 3'-hydroxychalcone against Cryptococcus gattii in planktonic and biofilm forms and their toxicity using alternative animal models. MATERIALS & METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicide concentration were determined. Biofilm formation and the susceptibility tests were performed by the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[carbonyl(phenylamino)]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay. Toxicity and efficacy were checked in Danio rerio and Galleria mellonella models. RESULTS: The compound 3'-hydroxychalcone showed fungicidal activity against C. gattii in both planktonic and biofilm forms. The toxicity in zebrafish embryos revealed a low lethal concentration. In G. mellonella, the compound did not show antifungal activity and larvae toxicity. CONCLUSION: Because of the activity of 3'-hydroxychalcone against C. gattii in vitro, molecular modifications should be made to improve efficacy and to reduce toxicity in vivo. [Formula: see text].

Residual gastric volume evaluation with ultrasonography after ingestion of carbohydrate- or carbohydrate plus glutamine-enriched beverages: a randomized, crossover clinical trial with healthy volunteers / Avaliação do volume residual gástrico em voluntários saudáveis usando a ultrassonografia, após ingestão de solução líquida enriquecida com carboidrato e glutamina. Estudo clínico, randomizado, duplo cego e cruzado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Abbreviation of preoperative fasting to 2 hours with maltodextrin (CHO)-enriched beverage is a safe procedure and may enhance postoperative recovery. Addition of glutamine (GLN) to CHO beverages may include potential benefits to the metabolism. However, by adding a nitrogenous source to CHO beverages, gastric emptying may be delayed and increase the risk of bronchoaspiration during anesthesia. OBJECTIVE In this study of safety, we aimed at investigating the residual gastric volume (RGV) 2 hours after the intake of either CHO beverage alone or CHO beverage combined with GLN. METHODS We performed a randomized, crossover clinical trial. We assessed RGV by means of abdominal ultrasonography (US) in 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) after an overnight fast of 8 hours. Then, they were randomized to receive 600 mL (400 mL immediately after US followed by another 200 mL 2 hours afterwards) of either CHO (12.5% maltodextrin) or CHO-GLN (12.5% maltodextrin plus 15 g GLN). Two sequential US evaluations were done at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of the second dose. The interval of time between ingestion of the two types of beverages was 2 weeks. RESULTS The mean (SD) RGV observed after 8 hours fasting (13.56±13.25 mL) did not statistically differ (P>0.05) from the RGV observed after ingesting CHO beverage at both 120 (16.32±11.78 mL) and 180 minutes (14.60±10.39 mL). The RGV obtained at 120 (15.63±18.83 mL) and 180 (13.65±10.27 mL) minutes after CHO-GLN beverage also was not significantly different from the fasting condition. CONCLUSION The RGV at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of CHO beverage combined with GLN is similar to that observed after an overnight fast.

RESUMO CONTEXTO A abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com solução enriquecida com maltodextrina é segura, recomendada por sociedades de anestesiologia e acelera a recuperação pós-operatória. A associação de glutamina à maltodextrina resultaria em benefícios metabólicos, porém, esta associação pode alterar o volume do resíduo gástrico e consequentemente risco de broncoaspiração. OBJETIVO Avaliaremos, usando a ultrassonografia, o volume residual gástrico em jejum de 8 horas e após 120 e 180 minutos da ingestão de solução de maltodextrina isolada ou associada a 15 g de glutamina. MÉTODOS Estudo clínico, randomizado, duplo cego e cruzado. Vinte voluntários saudáveis, sendo 10 do sexo masculino e 10 do sexo feminino, foram submetidos a seguinte sequência de avaliação, independente da solução usada. Os voluntários foram avaliados em jejum de 8 horas, 120 e 180 minutos após a ingestão da solução de maltodextrina 12,5% e 120 e 180 após a ingestão da solução de maltodextrina 12,5% mais 15 g de glutamina. RESULTADOS Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os volumes obtidos após jejum de 8 horas (13,56 mL) e os obtidos após 120 (16,32 mL) e 180 minutos (14,60 mL) da ingestão da solução de maltodextrina 12,5% (P>0,05). Para a solução enriquecida com glutamina, os volumes obtidos após 120 minutos (15,63 mL) e 180 minutos (13,65 mL) também não demostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa quando comparados ao jejum (P>0,05). CONCLUSÃO O volume residual gástrico após 120 e 180 minutos da ingestão das soluções de maltodextrina a 12,5% isolada ou associada a 15 g de glutamina é semelhante ao observado em jejum.

Residual gastric volume evaluation with ultrasonography after ingestion of carbohydrate- or carbohydrate plus glutamine-enriched beverages: a randomized, crossover clinical trial with healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: - Abbreviation of preoperative fasting to 2 hours with maltodextrin (CHO)-enriched beverage is a safe procedure and may enhance postoperative recovery. Addition of glutamine (GLN) to CHO beverages may include potential benefits to the metabolism. However, by adding a nitrogenous source to CHO beverages, gastric emptying may be delayed and increase the risk of bronchoaspiration during anesthesia. OBJECTIVE: - In this study of safety, we aimed at investigating the residual gastric volume (RGV) 2 hours after the intake of either CHO beverage alone or CHO beverage combined with GLN. METHODS: - We performed a randomized, crossover clinical trial. We assessed RGV by means of abdominal ultrasonography (US) in 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) after an overnight fast of 8 hours. Then, they were randomized to receive 600 mL (400 mL immediately after US followed by another 200 mL 2 hours afterwards) of either CHO (12.5% maltodextrin) or CHO-GLN (12.5% maltodextrin plus 15 g GLN). Two sequential US evaluations were done at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of the second dose. The interval of time between ingestion of the two types of beverages was 2 weeks. RESULTS: - The mean (SD) RGV observed after 8 hours fasting (13.56±13.25 mL) did not statistically differ (P>0.05) from the RGV observed after ingesting CHO beverage at both 120 (16.32±11.78 mL) and 180 minutes (14.60±10.39 mL). The RGV obtained at 120 (15.63±18.83 mL) and 180 (13.65±10.27 mL) minutes after CHO-GLN beverage also was not significantly different from the fasting condition. CONCLUSION: - The RGV at 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion of CHO beverage combined with GLN is similar to that observed after an overnight fast.

Paulistine--The Functional Duality of a Wasp Venom Peptide Toxin.

It has been reported that Paulistine in the venom of the wasp Polybia paulista co-exists as two different forms: an oxidized form presenting a compact structure due to the presence of a disulfide bridge, which causes inflammation through an apparent interaction with receptors in the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, and a naturally reduced form (without the disulfide bridge) that exists in a linear conformation and which also causes hyperalgesia and acts in the cyclooxygenase type II pathway. The reduced peptide was acetamidomethylated (Acm-Paulistine) to stabilize this form, and it still maintained its typical inflammatory activity. Oxidized Paulistine docks onto PGHS2 (COX-2) molecules, blocking the access of oxygen to the heme group and inhibiting the inflammatory activity of Acm-Paulistine in the cyclooxygenase type II pathway. Docking simulations revealed that the site of the docking of Paulistine within the PGHS2 molecule is unusual among commercial inhibitors of the enzyme, with an affinity potentially much higher than those observed for traditional anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, Paulistine causes inflammatory activity at the level of the 5-lipooxygenase pathway and, in parallel, it competes with its reduced form in relation to the activation of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Thus, while the reduced Paulistine causes inflammation, its oxidized form is a potent inhibitor of this activity.

Peptidome profiling of venom from the social wasp Polybia paulista.

Most crude venom from Polybia paulista is composed of short, linear peptides; however, only five of these peptides are structurally and functionally characterized. Therefore, the peptides in this venom were profiled using an HPLC-IT-TOF/MS and MS(n) system. The presence of type -d and -w ions that are generated from the fragmentation of the side chains was used to resolve I/L ambiguity. The distinction between K and Q residues was achieved through esterification of the α- and ε-amino groups in the peptide chains, followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Fourteen major peptides were detected in P. paulista venom and sequenced; all the peptides were synthesized on solid-phase and submitted to a series of bioassays. Five of them had been previously characterized, and nine were novel toxins. The novel peptides correspond to two wasp kinins, two chemotactic components, three mastoparans, and two peptides of unknown function. The seven novel peptides with identified functions appear to act synergistically with the previously known ones, constituting three well-known families of peptide toxins (wasp kinins, chemotactic peptides, and mastoparans) in the venom of social wasps. These multifunctional toxins can cause pain, oedema formation, haemolysis, chemotaxis of PMNLs, and mast cell degranulation in victims who are stung by wasps.

Structure-activity relationship of mastoparan analogs: Effects of the number and positioning of Lys residues on secondary structure, interaction with membrane-mimetic systems and biological activity.

In this study, a series of mastoparan analogs were engineered based on the strategies of Ala and Lys scanning in relation to the sequences of classical mastoparans. Ten analog mastoparans, presenting from zero to six Lys residues in their sequences were synthesized and assayed for some typical biological activities for this group of peptide: mast cell degranulation, hemolysis, and antibiosis. In relation to mast cell degranulation, the apparent structural requirement to optimize this activity was the existence of one or two Lys residues at positions 8 and/or 9. In relation to hemolysis, one structural feature that strongly correlated with the potency of this activity was the number of amino acid residues from the C-terminus of each peptide continuously embedded into the zwitterionic membrane of erythrocytes-mimicking liposomes, probably due to the contribution of this structural feature to the membrane perturbation. The antibiotic activity of mastoparan analogs was directly dependent on the apparent extension of their hydrophilic surface, i.e., their molecules must have from four to six Lys residues between positions 4 and 11 of the peptide chain to achieve activities comparable to or higher than the reference antibiotic compounds. The optimization of the antibacterial activity of the mastoparans must consider Lys residues at the positions 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11 of the tetradecapeptide chain, with the other positions occupied by hydrophobic residues, and with the C-terminal residue in the amidated form. These requirements resulted in highly active AMPs with greatly reduced (or no) hemolytic and mast cell degranulating activities.

MALDI imaging analysis of neuropeptides in the Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera) brain: effect of ontogeny.

The occurrence and spatial distribution of the neuropeptides AmTRP-5 and AST-1 in the honeybee brain were monitored via MALDI spectral imaging according to the ontogeny of Africanized Apis mellifera. The levels of these peptides increased in the brains of 0-15 day old honeybees, and this increase was accompanied by an increase in the number of in-hive activities performed by the nurse bees, followed by a decrease in the period from 15 to 25 days of age, in which the workers began to perform activities outside the nest (guarding and foraging). The results obtained in the present investigation suggest that AmTRP-5 acts in the upper region of both pedunculi of young workers, possibly regulating the cell cleaning and brood capping activities. Meanwhile, the localized occurrence of AmTRP-5 and AST-1 in the antennal lobes, subesophageal ganglion, upper region of the medulla, both lobula, and α- and ß-lobes of both brain hemispheres in 20 to 25 day old workers suggest that the action of both neuropeptides in these regions may be related to their localized actions in these regions, regulating foraging and guarding activities. Thus, these neuropeptides appear to have some functions in the honeybee brain that are specifically related to the age-related division of labor.

Enteral nutrition in critical patients; should the administration be continuous or intermittent?

UNLABELLED: Enteral nutrition therapy (ENT) is an essential part in the management of critically ill patients, having a significant impact on these patients' clinical results. It can be administered on a continuous or intermittent basis using an infusion pump. There is a discussion on which of these techniques has the best performance, involving a number of factors such as nausea, diarrhea, and particularly the relationship between diet volume and the ratio of programed calories to calories effectively supplied to the critical patients. OBJECTIVES: To compare the forms of continuous or intermittent infusion of enteral nutrition, using as primary outcome the level of estimated caloric needs daily supplied. METHODS: Observational prospective randomized clinical study carried out in an intensive care unit on 41 patients divided into two groups, of intermittent (ENT during 18 hours with a 6-hour nocturnal pause), or continuous (ENT during 24 hours continuously) administration. The secondary outcome variables measured in this study were bowel evacuation, distension, emesis, with the primary outcome variable being the relationship between infusion volume and the estimated-to-supplied ratio of caloric needs. The rejection index of the null hypothesis was established at 5% for all the tests. RESULTS: Most of the patients received more than 60% infusion of enteral diet over the 5 days of study (p = 1.0), with no difference regarding the provision of caloric needs. No statistically significant difference between groups was found in the variables vomiting, abdominal distension or diarrhea. CONCLUSION: The administration modalities of continuous or intermittent enteral nutrition are similar in which regards the comparison of the variables included in this study.

La terapia con nutrición enteral (TNE), una parte esencial del manejo de los pacientes críticos, tiene un impacto significativo en los resultados clínicos de estos pacientes. La TNE puede administrarse de forma continua o intermitente utilizando una bomba de infusión. Existe una discusión sobre cuál de estas dos técnicas tiene un mejor rendimiento, lo que implica una serie de factores como náuseas, diarrea y especialmente la relación entre el volumen de la dieta y la proporción entre calorías que se programan y las que realmente se proporcionan efectivamente a los pacientes críticos. Objetivos: Comparar las formas continua e intermitente de infusión de nutrición enteral, utilizando un nivel de necesidades calóricas estimadas suministradas diariamente como resultado principal. Métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo y observacional, de distribución aleatoria, de 41 pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), divididos en dos grupos, intermitente (TNE durante 18 horas con una pausa nocturna de 6 horas) o continua (TNE durante 24 horas de forma continua). Evaluamos como variables secundarias de resultados la evacuación, distención, emesis y como variable principal de resultado la relación entre el volumen de infusión y el cociente entre necesidades calóricas estimadas a suministradas. Se estableció el índice de rechazo de la hipótesis nula en el 5% para todos los tests. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron > 60% de la infusión de la dieta enteral a lo largo de los 5 días del estudio (p = 1,0), sin observarse diferencias en la provisión de las necesidades calóricas. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con respecto a las variables vómitos, distensión abdominal o diarrea. Conclusión: Las modalidades intermitente o continua de administración de la nutrición enteral son similares en lo que respecta a la comparación de las variables de este estudio.

Peptide diversity in the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera): a comparison of the intra- and inter-colony compositions.

The venoms of the social wasps evolved to be used as defensive tools to protect the colonies of these insects against the attacks of predators. Previous studies estimated the presence of a dozen peptide components in the venoms of each species of these insects, which altogether comprise up to 70% of the weight of freeze-dried venoms. In the present study, an optimized experimental protocol is reported that utilizes liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of peptides in the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista; peptide profiles for both intra- and inter-colonial comparisons were obtained using this protocol. The results of our study revealed a surprisingly high level of intra- and inter-colonial variability for the same wasp species. We detected 78-108 different peptides in the venom of different colonies of P. paulista in the molar mass range from 400 to 3000Da; among those, only 36 and 44 common peptides were observed in the inter- and intra-colony comparisons, respectively.

Structure-function relationships of the peptide Paulistine: a novel toxin from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista.

BACKGROUND: The peptide Paulistine was isolated from the venom of wasp Polybia paulista. This peptide exists under a natural equilibrium between the forms: oxidised - with an intra-molecular disulphide bridge; and reduced - in which the thiol groups of the cysteine residues do not form the disulphide bridge. The biological activities of both forms of the peptide are unknown up to now. METHODS: Both forms of Paulistine were synthesised and the thiol groups of the reduced form were protected with the acetamidemethyl group [Acm-Paulistine] to prevent re-oxidation. The structure/activity relationships of the two forms were investigated, taking into account the importance of the disulphide bridge. RESULTS: Paulistine has a more compact structure, while Acm-Paulistine has a more expanded conformation. Bioassays reported that Paulistine caused hyperalgesia by interacting with the receptors of lipid mediators involved in the cyclooxygenase type II pathway, while Acm-Paullistine also caused hyperalgesia, but mediated by receptors involved in the participation of prostanoids in the cyclooxygenase type II pathway. CONCLUSION: The acetamidemethylation of the thiol groups of cysteine residues caused small structural changes, which in turn may have affected some physicochemical properties of the Paulistine. Thus, the dissociation of the hyperalgesy from the edematogenic effect when the actions of Paulistine and Acm-Paulistine are compared to each other may be resulting from the influence of the introduction of Acm-group in the structure of Paulistine. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The peptides Paulistine and Acm-Paulistine may be used as interesting tools to investigate the mechanisms of pain and inflammation in future studies.

Enteral nutrition in critical patients; should the administration be continuous or intermittent? / Nutrición enteral en pacientes críticos; ¿su administración debería ser continua o intermitente?

Enteral nutrition therapy (ENT) is an essential part in the management of critically ill patients, having a significant impact on these patients’ clinical results. It can be administered on a continuous or intermittent basis using an infusion pump. There is a discussion on which of these techniques has the best performance, involving a number of factors such as nausea, diarrhea, and particularly the relationship between diet volume and the ratio of programmed calories to calories effectively supplied to the critical patients. Objectives: To compare the forms of continuous or intermittent infusion of enteral nutrition, using as primary outcome the level of estimated caloric needs daily supplied. Methods: Observational prospective randomized clinical study carried out in an intensive care unit on 41 patients divided into two groups, of intermittent (ENT during18 hours with a 6-hour nocturnal pause), or continuous(ENT during 24 hours continuously) administration. The secondary outcome variables measured in this study were bowel evacuation, distension, emesis, with the primary outcome variable being the relationship between infusion volume and the estimated-to-supplied ratio of caloric needs. The rejection index of the null hypothesis was established at 5% for all the tests. Results: Most of the patients received more than 60%infusion of enteral diet over the 5 days of study (p = 1.0),with no difference regarding the provision of caloric needs. No statistically significant difference between groups was found in the variables vomiting, abdominal distension or diarrhea. Conclusion: The administration modalities of continuous or intermittent enteral nutrition are similar in which regards the comparison of the variables included in this study (AU)

La terapia con nutrición enteral (TNE), una parte esencial del manejo de los pacientes críticos, tiene un impacto significativo en los resultados clínicos de estos pacientes. La TNE puede administrarse de forma continua o intermitente utilizando una bomba de infusión. Existe una discusión sobre cuál de estas dos técnicas tiene un mejor rendimiento, lo que implica una serie de factores como náuseas, diarrea y especialmente la relación entre el volumen de la dieta y la proporción entre calorías que se programan y las que realmente se proporcionan efectivamente a los pacientes críticos. Objetivos: Comparar las formas continua e intermitente de infusión de nutrición enteral, utilizando un nivel de necesidades calóricas estimadas suministradas diariamente como resultado principal. Métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo y observacional, de distribución aleatoria, de 41 pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), divididos en dos grupos, intermitente (TNE durante 18 horas con una pausa nocturna de 6 horas) o continua (TNE durante 24 horas de forma continua). Evaluamos como variables secundarias de resultados la evacuación, distención, emesis y como variable principal de resultado la relación entre el volumen de infusión y el cociente entre necesidades calóricas estimadas a suministradas. Se estableció el índice de rechazo de la hipótesis nula en el 5% para todos los tests. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron >60% de la infusión de la dieta enteral a lo largo de los 5días del estudio (p = 1,0), sin observarse diferencias enla provisión de las necesidades calóricas. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con respecto a las variables vómitos, distensión abdominal o diarrea. Conclusión: Las modalidades intermitente o continua de administración de la nutrición enteral son similares en lo que respecta a la comparación de las variables de este estudio (AU)

Complicações na reabilitação bucal com implantes osseointegráveis / Complications in oral rehabilitation with dental implants

A reabilitação bucal conta hoje com um forte aliado: os implantes osseointegráveis. Não há como negar a importância da implantodontia dentro do contexto da prática odontológica. Inicialmente indicada para a reabilitação de pacientes totalmente edêntulos, atualmente vem conquistando espaço cada vez maior, com indicações para edentulismos parciais, múltiplos e unitários, com grande previsibilidade de sucesso nas restaurações estéticas, aliada às técnicas de manipulação de tecidos moles, regeneração tecidual guiada e carregamento protético precoce. Porém como em todo procedimento odontológico, quer seja cirúrgico ou clínico, a implantodontia também está sujeita à ocorrência de falhas e complicações. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo promover uma revisão da literatura para discussão dessas intercorrências, suas causas, seus manejos e proservação

The oral rehabilitation now has a powerful ally: the dental implants. There is no denying the importance of the implant within the context of dental practice. Initially indicated for the rehabilitation of fully edentulous patients, now has gained growing space, with indications for partial edentulism, multiple unit, with high predictability of success in esthetic restorations, combined with the techniques of manipulation of soft tissues, and guided tissue regenerationearly prosthetic loading. But like any dental procedure, whether surgical or medical implantology is also subject to the occurrence of failures and complications. This paper aims to provide a review of the literature for discussion of these complications, their causes, their managements and proservation

The co-purification of a lectin (BJcuL) with phospholipases A2 from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom by immunoaffinity chromatography with antibodies to crotoxin.

Antigens of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom cross-reacting with specific antibodies against crotoxin, an Asp49 PLA(2)-containing heterodimeric complex from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, were purified by two steps of immunoaffinity chromatography. The resulting fraction (Bj-F) was shown to be non-toxic (to mice and rabbits) and immunogenic to rabbits. Antibodies raised against Bj-F were able to protect mice against the lethal effect of both B. jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venoms. Then, the procedure developed showed to be useful for the rapid preparation of an antigen able to elicit neutralizing antibodies against the lethal activities of both venoms. Further fractionation of Bj-F revealed the concomitant presence of two major components: BJcuL, a lectin present in B. jararacussu venom, and BthTX-I, a Lys49 PLA(2) homolog, besides other molecules in minor amounts. Our data are discussed and raise the point that the presence of unrelated molecules may be taken into account when immuno-based methods are considered for purification purposes.